Views of Ten Thinkers on Death (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Socrates | Death is the separation of the soul from the body; a passage to clearer knowledge |
| Plato | The soul is immortal; death is the soul’s return to the world of truths |
| Aristotle | Death is the end of bodily function; the soul dependent on the body ceases |
| Epicurus | Death is nothing to fear; where there is no awareness, there is no suffering |
| Avicenna (Ibn Sina) | The soul survives death; the body is a temporary instrument |
| Descartes | Mind (soul) is independent of the body; death ends the body, not the mind |
| Spinoza | Death is a natural event; the wise person thinks of life, not of death |
| Kant | Death cannot be known empirically; belief in survival supports moral reason |
| Charles Darwin | Death is part of the biological cycle and a condition for evolution |
| Albert Einstein | Death is a separation from time; the distinction between past, present, and future is a persistent illusion |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | Death is the beginning of another birth. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on Matter (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Aristotle | Matter is the potential for becoming; time is the measure of motion and change |
| Epicurus | Matter is composed of atoms; time depends on events and is not independent |
| Avicenna (Ibn Sina) | Matter is receptive to form; time follows motion in the material world |
| Newton | Matter has mass and location; time is absolute, uniform, and flows independently of the universe |
| Leibniz | Matter is a system of relations; time is the relation among events, not an independent entity |
| Kant | Matter appears through experience; time is an a priori form of human perception |
| Mach | Matter and time are dependent on experience; their absoluteness is an illusion |
| Albert Einstein | Matter and energy are one; time is relative and depends on velocity and gravity |
| Bergson | Matter appears static; real time is “duration,” an inner lived experience |
| Hawking | Matter follows quantum laws; time began with the emergence of the universe |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | Matter changes over time and is imperishable in the material world. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on Beauty (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Plato | Beauty is the radiance of the Good and absolute Truth. |
| Aristotle | Beauty is harmony, order, and proportion. |
| Plotinus | Beauty is the manifestation of the One’s light in things |
| Immanuel Kant | Beauty is a disinterested judgment of harmonious form |
| Schopenhauer | Beauty is a momentary escape from the suffering of the will |
| Nietzsche | Beauty is power and the affirmation of life |
| David Hume | Beauty is a feeling arising in the observer’s mind |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Beauty is the mathematical harmony of nature. |
| Albert Einstein | Beauty is the simplicity and coherence of natural laws |
| Spinoza | Beauty is our perception of relative perfection |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | Beauty is the expression of justice. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on Heaven (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Plato | Heaven is the realm of Forms, the dwelling place of the soul freed from the body. |
| Aristotle | Heaven is not a separate place; fulfillment lies in the actualization of reason. |
| Epicurus | Heaven as a post-death reward has no meaning; peace is found in this life. |
| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | Heaven is a state of intellectual perception and closeness to perfection, not necessarily a physical place. |
| Al-Farabi | Heaven is the ultimate happiness of the rational soul and the life of intellect. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Heaven is the direct vision of the Absolute Truth (God). |
| Spinoza | Heaven is a lasting state of joy arising from rational understanding. |
| Kant | Heaven is not an empirical reward but a moral postulate for the realization of the highest good. |
| William James | Heaven is an inner, psychological experience of meaning and peace. |
| Albert Einstein | Heaven is a symbolic concept; value lies in harmony with the rational order of the universe. |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | Purification of the soul grants entry into heaven. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on God (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | God is the Necessary Existent and the First Cause |
| Plato | God is the “Form of the Good.” |
| Socrates | God is a moral and rational divine force |
| Aristotle | God is the “Prime Mover.” |
| Spinoza | God and Nature are one |
| Albert Einstein | God is the order and laws of nature, not a supernatural person |
| Richard Dawkins | God is a hypothetical concept; science explains the world. |
| Hume | God cannot be known by direct experience; reason and senses have limits. |
| Kant | God is a practical postulate of reason, needed for morality. |
| Nietzsche | “God is dead”; religious concepts are human-made, meaning must be found in life |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | God is state. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on Soul (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Plato | The soul is an independent and immortal substance that existed before the body. |
| Aristotle | The soul is the form of the living body and has no actuality without it. |
| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | The soul is an immaterial substance that survives death. |
| Descartes | The soul (mind) is a thinking substance, independent of the body. |
| Spinoza | Soul and body are two aspects of a single reality. |
| John Locke | The soul is defined through consciousness and experience, not a fixed substance. |
| David Hume | There is no permanent soul; only a stream of perceptions exists. |
| Immanuel Kant | The soul cannot be known empirically; it is a rational–moral postulate. |
| William James | The soul is the continuous experience of consciousness and selfhood. |
| Albert Einstein | He rejected the religious notion of the soul, replacing it with a sense of cosmic awareness and wonder. |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | The soul is the link between the material and spiritual worlds. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on Fate (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Plato | Fate is part of the cosmic order and the eternal laws of the universe. |
| Aristotle | Fate results from causes and final causes; human freedom is limited. |
| Epicurus | Fate is random; events arise from the movements of atoms. |
| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | Fate is harmonized with divine knowledge and human will. |
| Al-Farabi | Fate follows the universal intellect, which humans can understand through reason. |
| Descartes | Fate is limited; human free will allows the possibility to change the course of events. |
| Spinoza | Everything happens by natural necessity; fate is the law of nature. |
| Kant | Empirical fate cannot be known; humans are morally responsible for their actions. |
| Nietzsche | Fate is to be embraced (“amor fati”) and shapes human life. |
| Hegel | Fate is the manifestation of world reason; human history and life are aligned with it. |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | Only God knows destiny. |
Views of Ten Thinkers on Happiness (Selected from ChatGPT)
| Name | Quote |
| Plato | Happiness lies in the harmony of the soul with truth and a virtuous life. |
| Aristotle | Happiness (eudaimonia) is the ultimate goal of life, achieved through the exercise of reason and virtue. |
| Epicurus | Happiness is inner peace and freedom from pain and anxiety. |
| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | Happiness comes from the soul attaining perfection and intellectual knowledge. |
| Al-Farabi | Ultimate happiness lies in a rational life and the realization of virtues. |
| Descartes | Happiness results from reason, mental tranquility, and mastery over one’s thoughts. |
| Spinoza | Happiness is a lasting state of joy arising from correct understanding of nature and oneself. |
| Kant | Happiness is a combination of well-being and moral fulfillment, but cannot be the sole criterion of ethics. |
| Nietzsche | Happiness is connected with embracing fate, personal growth, and the will to power. |
| Einstein | Happiness lies in living in harmony with human values and understanding the order of the universe. |
| Parviz Baradaran Shokouhi | If ultimate happiness lies at the peak of knowledge, then God embodies absolute happiness. |